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ÇϹöµå Çѱ¹ °í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¸°í 10 | ¿¬±¸¼Ò


                     ÇϹöµå Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¸°í

 

 

                                                                                              ¸¶Å© ¹ÙÀ×ÅÏ ±³¼ö(Dr. Mark E. Byington)

                                                                                                     ÇϹöµå ´ëÇб³(Harvard University)

 

Á¦ 10ºÎ. Áߴܰú ±× ¿µÇâ

 

Áö³­ ¼½¼Ç¿¡¼­ Çѱ¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Áö¿øÀÌ ²÷±â´Â ¹Ù¶÷¿¡ Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç(Early Korea Project, EKP)ÀÌ Á¶±â¿¡ Áß´ÜµÉ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¹Ù Àִµ¥, À̹ø ¸¶Áö¸· ¼½¼Ç¿¡¼­´Â ±× ¹®Á¦¸¦ Á» ´õ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ç°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. 2014³â ÃÊ Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀº ÁÖµÈ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇÑ È°µ¿À» °è¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ±â´ë¸¦ °¡Áö°í, µ¿ºÏ¾Æ¿ª»çÀç´Ü(Northeast Asian History Foundation)°ú ´Ù³â°£ÀÇ Áö¿ø±ÝÀ» °»½ÅÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Çù»ó Áß¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±× ÇØ 3¿ùºÎÅÍ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ »ç°ÇµéÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϸ鼭 Çù»ó °úÁ¤ÀÌ ÁߴܵǾú´Ù.

 

Çѱ¹ÀÇ °ú°Å¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ãʱ¹¼öÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌ°í »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»çÇÐÀû °üÁ¡À» Áö´Ñ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº “½Ä¹Î»çÇÐ ÇØÃ¼ ±¹¹Î¿îµ¿º»ºÎ”(ÀÌÈÄ ³»¿ë¿¡¼­´Â “»çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ´Üü”¶ó°í ¾ð±ÞÇϰڴÙ)¶ó´Â ´Üü¸¦ °á¼ºÇÏ¿´°í, ±× Áß ÀϺδ ¼ö³â µ¿¾È µ¿ºÏ¾Æ¿ª»çÀç´ÜÀ» °ø°ÝÇØ¿Ô´Ù. 2014³â 3¿ù 19ÀÏ¿¡ À̵éÀº ±¹È¸¿¡¼­ ¸ðÀÓÀ» °¡Á³°í, Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀ» Áö¿øÇß´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î µ¿ºÏ¾Æ¿ª»çÀç´ÜÀ» °ø°ÝÇß´Ù. À̵éÀº ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀÇ ÃâÆÇ¹° Áß µÎ ±Ç– 2014³â¿¡ ÃâÆÇµÈ “Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¡¼­ Çѻ籺”°ú »ïÇÑ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃá Early Korea 2Áý–ÀÌ “½Ä¹Î»ç°ü”À» ´ëº¯ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ “½Ä¹Î»ç°ü”ÀÌ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô Á¤ÀÇµÈ ÀûÀº ¾øÁö¸¸, ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ½Ä¹Î»ç°üÀº ÀÏÁ¦°¡ Çѱ¹ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ÆïÇÏÇϰí, Çѱ¹ ¿ª»ç¸¦ Åðº¸ÇÏ´Â ¿ª»çÀÌÀÚ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ °­´ë±¹¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÈ ¿ª»ç·Î º¸À̰Բû ¸¸µé°íÀÚ ±¸ÃàÇÑ ¿ª»ç°üÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌµé »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀÌ È°¿ëÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ½Ä¹Î»ç°üÀ̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÓÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÈ °Íó·³ º¸À̸ç, °ø°ÝÀÚµéÀÌ µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¸ðµç °üÁ¡À» ¸ðµç °üÁ¡À» “½Ä¹Î»ç°ü”À̳ª Áß±¹ÀÇ µ¿ºÏ°øÁ¤ °üÁ¡À» ´ëº¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í Ä¡ºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù.

 

¿©±â¿¡¼­ °¡Àå À§Å·Ӱí Áß¿äÇÑ »ç¾ÈÀº ³«¶û±ºÀÌ ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ Æò¾ç¿¡ À§Ä¡Çß´Ù´Â È®¸³µÈ ÇаèÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀÎ µí Çѵ¥, »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÇаèÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ³«¶û±ºÀÌ Çѹݵµ¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø °÷¿¡ À§Ä¡Çß´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³«¶û±ºÀÌ Æò¾ç¿¡ À§Ä¡Çß´Ù´Â °ßÇØ´Â Áß±¹ÀÇ µ¿ºÏ°øÁ¤°ú ÀϺ»ÀÇ Çѱ¹ ½Ä¹ÎÁöÈ­º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀÌÀüºÎÅÍ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ Çа迡 ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁø »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌ ÀǰßÀ» “½Ä¹Î»ç°ü”°ú °ü·Ã½ÃÄÑ ÁÖÀåÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÌ ÀǰßÀº Ÿ´çÇÑ ±Ù°Å¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¶¼± Çѱ¹À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÇÐÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ³Î¸® °øÀ¯µÇ°í ÀÖ´Â È®¸³µÈ °ßÇØ¿´´Ù.

 

Àü ±¹°¡Á¤º¸¿øÀå ÀÌÁ¾Âù°ú À¯¸íÇÑ »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ÀúÀÚ ÀÌ´öÀÏ ¿Ü ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ À̲ô´Â ÀÌ »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ´Üü´Â µ¿ºÏ¾Æ¿ª»çÀç´ÜÀÌ Áß±¹ µ¿ºÏ°øÁ¤ÀÇ »ç¸íÀ» ÃËÁøÇϰí, ¼ÒÀ§ ÀÏÁ¦ÀÇ “½Ä¹Î»ç°ü”¿¡ µ¿Á¶ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸ鼭, ÀÌ Àç´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°ø °¨»ç¸¦ °è¼Ó ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀº ±¹È¸¿¡¼­ Å« ÁöÁö¸¦ ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸À̴µ¥, °¡Àå ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ (Àü) »õ´©¸®´çÀÇ ±è¼¼¿¬ ÀÇ¿ø, Á¤¹®Çå ÀÇ¿ø, ÀÌ»óÀÏ ÀÇ¿øÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç Á¤´çÀÇ ±¹È¸ÀÇ¿øµéÀÌ Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÁöÇß´Ù. °ø°ø °¨»ç ¿äûÀÌ ½ÂÀεǾú°í, Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¿øÀº À̶§ ÁߴܵǾú´Ù. °¨»çÁ¶»çÀ§¿øÈ¸(Board of Audit and Investigation, BAI)°¡ µ¿ºÏ¾Æ¿ª»çÀç´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ °¨»ç¸¦ ÃßÁøÇß°í, ÀÌ °¨»ç´Â 2014³â ÈĹݱ⿡ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. °¨»ç °á°ú, ±â·Ï ÀÛ¼º °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¼ÒÇÑ °ú½ÇÀÌ ¸î °¡Áö ¹ß°ßµÇ¾úÁö¸¸, Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç ÃâÆÇ¹°ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº °¨»çÁ¶»çÀ§¿øÈ¸ÀÇ °¨»ç ¹üÀ§ ¹ÛÀÇ Çй®Àû »ç¾ÈÀ̶ó°í ÆÇ´ÜµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ °á·ÐÀÌ »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ´Üü¸¦ °ÝºÐÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç °Í °°¾Ò´Ù.

 

µ¿ºÏ¾Æ¿ª»çÀç´Ü°ú Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀÌ Çѱ¹ ÁÖº¯±¹µéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ÃËÁø½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â Áõ°Å°¡ ³ª¿À±â¸¦ ¹Ù·¨Áö¸¸, °¨»ç °á°ú ±×¿Í °°Àº Áõ°Å´Â ³ª¿ÀÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ´ÜüÀÇ ºñ³­Àº Á¤°è, ¿©·Ð ¹× ¸Åü¿¡¼­ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Å« ÁöÁö¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±× °á°ú Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çѱ¹ÀÇ °øÀû Áö¿øÀÌ ¹«±âÇÑÀ¸·Î ÁߴܵǾú°í, ÀÌ ¼º°ø¿¡ °í¹«µÈ »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ´Üü´Â Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç°ú Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀÌ ÀÌ·é ¸ðµç ¼º°ú¸¦ °è¼Ó ºñ¹æÇß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀÌ´öÀÏÀº Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç°ú Çѱ¹ÀÇ ÁÖ·ù Çа迡 ´ëÇÑ °ø°Ý¿¡ ¸Å¿ì Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ³ª¼¹´Ù. ÀÌ´öÀϰú ´Ù¸¥ »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ÁÖÀåÀº º¸Åë ÁÖ·ù ÀǰßÀ» µÞ¹ÞħÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ÀÚ·á Áß¿¡¼­ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ ÀÌ»óÄ¡¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ÀÚ·áµé¸¸À» °ñ¶ó³»´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ» ÃëÇß´Ù. ÀÌµé »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµé, ƯÈ÷ ÀÌ´öÀÏÀº ±×µé ³íÀïÀÇ ±Ù°Å¸¦ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀå°ú °øÀÎµÈ Çй®ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½Ä ´ë½Å¿¡ °¨Á¤¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̵éÀº Áï°¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Ï½Ã, ¿å ¹× ÀνŰø°Ý¿¡ ±â´ë°í, ÀڽŵéÀÇ °ø°ÝÀ» ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿ÍÀü(èÅîî)À̶ó´Â Àü¼úÀ» ¼±È£ÇÑ´Ù.

 

Çѱ¹»ç¿¡¼­ Çѻ籺À» ´Ù·é ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã¥¿¡¼­´Â, °íÁ¶¼±Àΰú °íÁ¶¼± »çȸ°¡ Çѻ籺 Áö¹è ÇÏ¿¡¼­µµ °è¼Ó Á¸ÀçÇÏ°í ¹ßÀüÇß´Ù´Â Á¡À» ÁöÀûÇϸ鼭, Çѻ籺ÀÇ ¼º°Ý¿¡ °üÇÑ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÇмúÀû °üÁ¡¿¡ ±íÀ̸¦ ´õÇϰíÀÚ Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ ¿ª»ç´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ “Çѱ¹»ç”¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϸç, Çѱ¹»ç·Î ÀνĵǾî¾ß Çϴµ¥, ±×°ÍÀº ¸¶Ä¡ 20¼¼±â Àü¹Ý Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¿ª»ç°¡ ÀÏÁ¦ ½Ä¹ÎÁöÈ­¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¿©ÀüÈ÷ Çѱ¹»ç·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â °Í°ú ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀº Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀÌ ÀÏÁ¦ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÀǰßÀ» ±×´ë·Î º£²¼´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀº ¿ì¸® Ã¥À» ÈȾ´Â °Í¸¸À¸·Îµµ ½±°Ô ¹Ý¹ÚÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹®Á¦´Â »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ´Üü°¡ ÀÌ Ã¥ÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦ ³»¿ë¿¡´Â º° ´Ù¸¥ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. À̵éÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ¾È°ÇÀ» ¼º°ø½Ã۱â À§ÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã¥À» ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿Ö°î½Ã۱⸸ Çß°í À̵éÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¼º°øÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ±¹È¸´Â À̵éÀÇ ÀǰßÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇß°í, ÀÌ´öÀÏÀº ½ÉÁö¾î µ¿ºÏ¾Æ¿ª»ç¿Ö°î´ëÃ¥ Ưº°À§¿øÈ¸¶ó´Â ±¹È¸ ¼ÒÀ§¿øÈ¸ ȸÀÇ¿¡ Âü¼®Çϱâ±îÁö Çß´Ù. ÀÌ Æ¯º° À§¿øÈ¸´Â Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °üÁ¡°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ´Â ÇÐÀÚµéÀ» Á¾Á¾ ±¼¿åÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ½É¹®Çß´Ù.

 

Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀÇ ÃâÆÇ¹°µé(±×¸®°í Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀÇ ¼º°Ý)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À̵éÀÇ ºñ³­Àº ´ëºÎºÐ À߸øµÈ Á¤º¸¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î Çϰųª ¸í¹éÇÑ °ÅÁþÀ̾úÀ¸³ª, ÁÖ·ù ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À߸øµÈ Á¤º¸¿¡ ¹Ý¹ÚÇϰųª Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀ» º¯È£Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³ª¿¡°Ô Á¤º¸¸¦ ¿äûÇÏ´Â ÁÖ·ù ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚ´Â ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´ç½Ã Çѱ¹ÀÇ ´ëÁß ¸Åü ¿ª½Ã ÀÌµé »ç°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÊÀÚÀÇ °ßÇØ¿¡´Â ÀüÇô °ü½ÉÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÁÖ·ù ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ Ä§¹¬Àº 2016³â º½±îÁö À̾îÁ³´Ù. 2016³â º½ÀÌ µÇ¾î¼­¾ß ÀϺΠÁÖ·ù ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç °æÇâ¿¡ ¹Ý¹ÚÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇߴµ¥, ¿À´Ã³¯ »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç °æÇâÀº Çй®ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í ÇØ¿Ü¿¡¼­ÀÇ Çѱ¹ÀÇ ½Å·Úµµ¿¡ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ À§ÇùÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÇöÀç Çѱ¹ ÇÐÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÎ °æÇâ¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÇÁö°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Á¶Ä¡µéÀÌ Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀ» µÇ»ì¸®±â¿¡´Â ³Ê¹« ´Ê¾ú´Ù.

 

Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀº ÇϹöµå°¡ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â Áö¿øÀ» ÅëÇØ Ãà¼ÒµÈ ±Ô¸ð·Î Ȱµ¿À» À̾´Âµ¥, ÀÌ Áö¿øÀ» ÅëÇØ °í±¸·Á¿¡ °üÇÑ ºñÁ¤±â ½Ã¸®Áî(Occasional Series)¸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù(°í´ë Çѱ¹-ÀϺ» ±³·ù¿¡ °üÇÑ ¸¶Áö¸· ÃâÆÇ¹°µµ °ð Ãâ°£µÉ ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù). Çѱ¹±¹Á¦±³·ùÀç´ÜÀÇ ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Â Áö¿ø±Ýµµ 2017³â 1¿ù 31ÀÏ·Î ¼ÒÁøµÇ¾ú°í, ±× ÀÌÈĺÎÅÍ´Â »ç½Ç»ó Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀº º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î Á×Àº ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

 

Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¿øÀ» Áß´ÜÇϱâ·Î ÇÑ °áÁ¤Àº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î À§¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íÇÑ »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ´ÜüÀÇ À߸øµÈ Á¤º¸¿¡ ±â¹ÝÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸À̰í, »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»ç ´Üü°¡ °ÅµÐ ¼º°øÀÌ Çѱ¹¿¡ À¯ÀÍÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù°í º¸±â´Â Èûµé´Ù. ¼­±¸ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ÁÖ·ù Àǰß(³«¶û±ºÀÌ Æò¾ç¿¡ À§Ä¡Çß´Ù)°ú ´õºÒ¾î ºñÁÖ·ù ÀǰßÀÇ »çÀ̺ñ ¿ª»çÀû ¼º°ÝÀ» Àß ¾Ë°í Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀÇ Áß´ÜÀº Çѱ¹ ³» Çѻ籺(ùÓÞÌÏÛ) ¹®Á¦¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ¿µÇâµµ ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇß´Ù(»ç½Ç Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀÇ Áߴܰú ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â Çѱ¹ »çȸÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ Áý´ÜÀÌ Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¡¼­ “Áß±¹”ÀÇ °³ÀÔ¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ¹Î°¨ÇÏ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¸¸ ¼­±¸ ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô ºÎ°¢½ÃÄ×´Ù). ¸¸¾à Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀÇ Ã¥ÀÌ ³ª¿ÀÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é ÀÌ ½Ã±â ¿ª½Ã Çѱ¹»ç¿¡¼­ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±íÀ̸¦ ´õÇÏÁö ¸øÇßÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à À̰ÍÀÌ Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½ÇÀ» ÁߴܽÃŲ µ¿±â¶ó¸é, ÀÌ´Â ¹«ÀǹÌÇϰí, ¿ªÈ¿°ú¸¦ ³»¸ç, ±Ù½Ã¾ÈÀûÀ̰í, À߸øµÈ ÆÇ´Ü°ú À߸øµÈ Á¤º¸¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÑ Á¶Ä¡¿´´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.

 

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       A Retrospective Account of the Early Korea Project at Harvard

 

                                                                                                                     Mark E. Byington

                                                                                                                     Harvard University

 

 

Part X. Termination and Its Implications

 

In the previous sections I have made reference to the early termination of the Early Korea Project due to the cutting of support from Korea, and in this final section I will briefly discuss this matter in more detail. In early 2014 negotiations were underway with the Northeast Asian History Foundation to renew the multi-year grant for the Early Korea Project with the expectation that we would be able to continue our work to meet our mission goals. This process came to a halt, however, following events that unfolded from March of that year.

 

A number of advocates of an ultra-nationalistic and pseudohistoric view of the Korean past, some of whom had been attacking the Northeast Asian Foundation for years, formed an organization called the “People’s Movement to Eradicate Colonialist History”  (½Ä¹Î»çÇÐ ÇØÃ¼ ±¹¹Î¿îµ¿ º»ºÎ; hereafter referred to as the “pseudohistory group”). On 19 March 2014 they held a meeting at the offices of the National Assembly and attacked the Northeast Asian History Foundation for its support of the Early Korea Project. Specifically, they charged that two of our publications—the 2014 volume “The Han Commanderies in Early Korean History” and the second volume of Early Korea, which focused on the Samhan Period—represented a “colonial view of history” (½Ä¹Î»ç°ü). Although this “colonial view” is never clearly defined, it seems to indicate a view purportedly created by imperial Japan in an effort to denigrate Korean history, making it appear to be backward and forever subject to greater powers. As utilized by these pseudohistory advocates, however, the term seems to be entirely arbitrary, and any views to which the attackers take exception are claimed to represent either the “colonial view of history” or the Chinese Northeast Project.

 

The overriding issue at stake seems to be the well-established academic claim that the Chinese commandery of Lelang was located in what is today Pyongyang, and the peddlers of pseudohistory generally take great exception to this view and claim that the commanderies were instead located far outside of the Korean peninsula. It is well known among academics, however, that the view of Lelang as located at Pyongyang far predates the Northeast Project and the Japanese colonization of Korea—this was a well-established view shared broadly, and for good reason, among scholars throughout East Asia, including Chosŏn Korea, during the premodern period, despite the pseudohistorical claims that associate that view with the “colonial view” of history.

 

This pseudohistory group, led by former director of the NIS Yi Chong-ch’an, and popular pseudohistory author Yi Tŏg-il, with others, pressed for a public audit of the Northeast Asian History Foundation, charging that organization with furthering the mission of the Chinese Northeast Project and conforming to the so-called “colonial view of history” of imperial Japan. This move appears to have found great support within the National Assembly, with statesmen from all political parties actively pressing the case, most prominently including Kim Se-yŏn, Chŏng Mun-hŏn, and Yi Sang-il, all of the (former) Saenuri Party. The request for audit was approved, and support for the Early Korea Project was suspended at this time. The Board of Audit and Investigation (BAI) proceeded with a thorough audit of the Northeast Asian History Foundation, which took place over the latter part of 2014. Although the audit uncovered some relatively minor lapses in record-keeping, the content of Early Korea Project publications was determined to be an academic matter lying beyond the scope of the mission of the BAI, a conclusion which seems to have infuriated the pseudohistory group.

 

Although the audit failed to turn up the hoped-for proof that the Foundation and the Early Korea Project were willingly furthering the interests of Korea’s neighbors, the charges made by the pseudohistory group continued to enjoy great support in both the political and popular realms and in the media as well. As a result, Korean public support for the Early Korea Project was terminated indefinitely, and the pseudohistory group, encouraged by their success, continued to malign the Early Korea Project and all that it has accomplished. Yi Tŏg-il in particular has been very active in launching attacks on the Early Korea Project and on the mainstream scholarly community in Korea. The arguments posed by Yi and others typically amount to a cherry-picking of data that represent exceptional outliers among an abundance of data that are used to support mainstream views. These fringe groups, especially Yi Tŏg-il, base their arguments on an appeal to emotion rather than rational arguments and accepted scholarly methods. They resort immediately to insinuation, name-calling and ad hominem attacks, and they favor a tactic of misrepresentation to facilitate their attacks.

 

In our book on the Han commanderies in Korean history, we sought to add depth to previous scholarly views of the nature of the commanderies, pointing out that the people and society of the state of Chosŏn continued to exist and develop under commandery governance. The history of this period is still very much “Korean history” and should be viewed that way, just as the history of the first half of the twentieth century is considered to be Korean history despite the Japanese colonization. The pseudohistory advocates, however, charged that the Early Korea Project simply copied the views of the colonial Japanese scholars intact, which is easily disproved by a summary scan of the text of the book. The actual contents of the book, however, do not seem to have been of much concern to the pseudohistory group, who were simply misrepresenting the book in such a way as to further their own agenda, in which effort they were completely successful. The National Assembly appears to have been won over by these views, and Yi Tŏg-il even came to participate in meetings of a subcommittee of the National Assembly called the Special Committee for Response to Distortions of Northeast Asian History (µ¿ºÏ¾Æ¿ª»ç¿Ö°î´ëÃ¥ Ưº°À§¿øÈ¸), which often subjected established scholars to humiliating inquisitions regarding their views of Korea’s early history.

 

Although most of the charges leveled against our publications (and against the nature of the Early Korea Project) were misinformed or outright false, there appears to have been little effort on the part of mainstream historians to counter this misinformation or to defend the Early Korea Project. I was myself never asked to provide any information, nor was the popular media in Korea at this time receptive to considering my perspective of these events. The silence of the mainstream historians continued until Spring of 2016, when some began to speak out against the pseudohistory trends, which clearly now represent a danger to academic freedom and to Korea’s credibility abroad. At present there seems to be a willingness among Korean scholars to counter these destructive trends, but such actions come far too late to save the Early Korea Project from its fate.

 

We were able to continue on a reduced level through support from Harvard resources, which allowed us to complete the Occasional Series volume on Koguryŏ (soon to be joined by the final volume on Early Korea-Japan Interchanges). The remaining funding from the Korea Foundation ended on January 31, 2017, and since that time the Early Korea Project has been essentially dead.

 

The decision to terminate the support for the Early Korea Project seems to have been based entirely upon misinformation produced by the pseudohistory group described above, and it would be difficult to describe the effects of their success as being beneficial to Korea. The matter of the commanderies in Korea is unaffected by the termination of the Early Korea Project, since western scholars were already well aware of both the mainstream view (that Lelang was located in Pyongyang) and the pseudohistorical nature of the fringe view. (In fact, the termination and the reasons for it have highlighted to western scholars the fact that certain segments of Korean society are particularly sensitive to the notion of “Chinese” involvement in early Korean history.) Had our book failed to appear, what would be missing is the element of depth that shows this period to be very much part of Korean history. If this was the motivation for terminating the Early Korea Project, which seems to be the case, that act was pointless, counterproductive, shortsighted, misguided, and misinformed.

 

It is true that there have always been popular pseudohistorical proponents in Korea, as in other countries, and for the most part they tend to be harmless and have been regarded by scholars as nuisances that have to be endured. But when such views receive the support of government, they become dangerous indeed. Not only is academic freedom threatened, such acts will be immediately recognized abroad for what they are, and Korea’s international credibility will be badly damaged. If the Korean government pushes a view of “a grand ancient history” that clearly contradicts mainstream scholarship as well as common sense, Korea’s reputation as a supporter of scholarly excellence and academic freedom will be lost. The damage already done appears to be considerable.

 

The Early Korea Project sought to promote balanced scholarship, avoiding nationalistic or political influence, in order to ensure respect and credibility among scholars worldwide. Much work is left undone. We had expected to continue our programs with a focus on topics such as Old Chosŏn, Paekche, formative Silla, Parhae, Kaya, as well as studies of a number of related themes. Although the foundation we had expected to build is left incomplete, what we have accomplished has gone a long way toward facilitating the entry of new scholars into the field of Early Korea Studies in the West, and it is hoped that they will be able to continue to construct that foundation. This will not be an easy task, however, as it seems necessary to proceed without support from Korea. But I hope that the Early Korea Project was successful in planting a seed that will not be destroyed by political shortsightedness or by the corrosive effect of pseudohistorical irrationality.

 

Part X

1. Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¡ À־ÀÇ Çѻ籺(ùÓÞÌÏÛ) (Cover of The Han Commanderies in Early Korean History)

 

2. 2017³â 5¿ù Çѱ¹°í´ë»ç¿¬±¸½Ç »ç¹«½Ç Æó¼â (EKP office closed in May 2017)

 
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